MODULE BYB 4 - Energy, Control and Continuity

Section	Time
13.7 – The cerebral cortex	Approx. 4 lessons

Learning Objectives Role of sensory and motor areas in the cortex and the relationship between area of cortex and complexity of innervation. Cerebral dominance and control of the opposite side of the body. Role of association areas in interpreting sensory input. Location and role of association area for speech; Wernicke’s and Broca’s. Core Reading Roberts 288-289 Collins 77-80, 82-83 Other references Biological sciences 2 – NPO Green – see Mr Jenkins for a copy. Assessments Task Due in Mark Describe, with the use of an appropriate example, the role of the sensory and motor areas in the cerebral cortex. (8)     Describe the role played by Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas in the comprehension and articulation of language. (12)     Devise an A4 revision sheet to cover the above learning outcomes.

MODULE BYB 4 - Energy, Control and Continuity

Section	Time
13. 6 – eyes and vision.	Approx. 4½ lessons

Learning Objectives Structure of the eye and the control of light entry to the eye by the iris. Accommodation; focusing an image on to the retina and the roles played by the cornea, suspensory ligaments and the ciliary muscles. Structure of rods and cones.. How we see light and dark – bleaching of rods. How we see colour – trichromatic theory in the cones. Sensitivity and acuity of vision. Core Reading Clegg 284-285, 286-287. Toole 543-545, 545-548. Roberts 306-307, 307-309, 301-305 Collins 71-76, 69-71. Other references Assessments Task Due in Mark Clegg 303;Q1 Toole 555;Q9 Collins 84;Q1,2,3     Churchman 119-123;Q1,4,7,9     Briefly describe the mechanisms by which the eye focuses an image onto the retina. (6).     In pairs, Write a revision sheet on the structure of rods and cones, explaining how these structures allow us to see both light and colour.

MODULE BYB 4 - Energy, Control and Continuity

Section	Time
13. 8 – muscles	Approx. 4 lessons

Learning Objectives Movement of muscles is antagonistic. Structure of skeletal muscle under light and electron microscope. Sarcomere structure is related to the distribution of actin and myosin. Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. Role of tropomyosin, Ca2+ and ATP in cross bridge formation. Muscle contraction = sarcomere shortening. Core Reading Clegg 308-310, 310-311. Toole 558-562, 558-562. Roberts 317-320, 320-323. Collins 92, 87-88, 88-91. Other references Biofact sheet 46 Assessments Task Due in Mark Clegg 319;Q1, 2 Collins 95;Q1     Clegg 320;Q4. Collins 95;Q2,3     Describe (with the aid of diagrams) the structure of skeletal muscle in relation to the distribution of actin and myosin. (8)     Explain in detail the sliding filament hypothesis of muscle contraction. (12)

MODULE BYB 4 - Energy, Control and Continuity

Section	Time
13. 5 – homeostasis; temperature, glucose and waste.	Approx. 8 lessons

Learning Objectives Homeostasis and negative feedback. Regulation of body temperature by thermoreceptors in the skin and hypothalamus. Regulation of blood glucose levels – the roles of insulin and glucagon. Removal of toxic products of metabolism – urea formation and deamination of excess amino acids. Kidneys – ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption, the counter-current multiplier and the role of ADH in urine production. Core Reading Clegg 252-253, 254-258, 259-261, 261-263, 263-270. Toole 491-492, 499-500, 472-481. Roberts 236-238, 202-205, 206-207, 210-219. Collins 18-20, 25-31, 20-23, 36, 38-46. Other references Biofact sheet 17, 1. Assessments Task Due in Mark Clegg 272;Q3a, b, c, Collins 33;Q5-6     Clegg 272;Q1,5, Collins 32;Q3     Clegg 272;Q2,4. Toole 482;Q4-5     Churchman 191-194; Q1,2,3b     Using the example of temperature regulation, describe the process of homeostasis and negative feedback. (8)     Describe how mammals regulate their blood glucose levels. (10)     In pairs, produce an A4 revision sheet on ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption or the counter current multiplier.

MODULE BYB 4 - Energy, Control and Continuity

Section	Time
13. 1&3 – ATP and Respiration	Approx. 5 lessons

Learning Objectives Respiration is a process that makes energy from organic molecules available to other processes. Glycolysis – in the cytoplasm, glucose is oxidised to pyruvate and ATP and NADH are made. Link – in the matrix, pyruvate joins to CoA to make AcetylCoA. Krebs – in the matrix, AcetylCoA joins to oxaloacetate to make citrate that undergoes a series of reactions to produce ATP, NADH and FADH and CO2. Oxidative Phosphorylation – in the inner mitochondrial membrane, ATP is synthesised in association with ETC. Here NADH and FADH are oxidised with oxygen being the final hydrogen and electron acceptor. Mitochondrion – structure/function. Core Reading Clegg 13, 48-49, 192-198, 202-203, Collins 11-13 Churchman 74-75, 78-79 Other references Biofact sheet 61 &12 Assessments Task Due in Mark Clegg 206 Q4     Clegg 205 Q1     Clegg 205 Q2     Clegg 206 Q5